Subjects were male or female at least 18 years old, with PNH confirmed by high-sensitivity flow cytometry, and receiving eculizumab therapy at a stable dose for at least 3 months prior to the screening visit, but who continued to have hemoglobin (Hb) levels <10.5 g/dL. At the Screening Visit, subjects were required to have absolute reticulocyte count >1.0 x the upper limit of normal, platelet count of >50,000/mm3, and absolute neutrophil count >500/mm3.
Subjects were excluded if they had an active bacterial infection that had not resolved within 1 week of Day -28 (first dose of pegcetacoplan); if they were receiving iron, folic acid, Vitamin B12, and erythropoietin, unless the dose was stable, in the 4 weeks prior to screening; if they had hereditary complement deficiency; or if they had a history of bone marrow transplantation.
In addition, subjects were excluded on the basis of protocol-specified cardiac eligibility criteria, if they had protocol-defined forms of atrioventricular block, or were taking specific medications that could affect cardiac function.
Enrolled subjects in the treatment groups were generally balanced with regard to age, sex, height, weight, ethnicity, and race.
More than 50% of subjects were female (61.9%). The mean age was 48.8 years and was similar in the 2 treatment groups. The majority of subjects (78.8%) in both treatment groups were <=65 years of age. Of subjects who reported race and/or ethnicity, slightly over 60% were white, 15% were Asian, and 76.3% were non-Hispanic/Latino.
Mean weight and height across all subjects were 75.25 kg and 168.37 cm, respectively. Mean BMI was similar between the 2 groups (26.325 kg/m2), and the majority of subjects had BMI <30 kg/m2. Of subjects with a BMI >=30 kg/m2, 2 had a BMI above 35 kg/m2; both of these subjects were in the pegcetacoplan group.
The mean time since diagnosis of PNH to Day -28 was 10.18 years overall and was longer in the eculizumab group than in the pegcetacoplan group (11.68 years vs 8.74 years).
The duration of prior eculizumab treatment was numerically similar between the 2 groups. The most common eculizumab dosing level and regimen was 900 mg every 2 weeks (70% of subjects), consistent with the approved product label. The remaining subjects were receiving higher than the label dose of eculizumab, or more frequent administration than the label specified. Fewer subjects in the pegcetacoplan group than in the eculizumab group were on the label dose of eculizumab at baseline (63.4% and 76.9%). The 2 subjects who were taking the highest eculizumab dose at baseline (1500 mg twice weekly) were in the pegcetacoplan group.
Baseline mean Hb, platelet, ARC, haptoglobin, total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, and FACIT-Fatigue score were generally similar between groups. LDH was slightly higher in the eculizumab group than in the pegcetacoplan group (308.64 vs 257.48, respectively). More than 70% of subjects had a platelet count at baseline of >=100,000/mm3.
The treatment period of the study consisted of 3 parts: a 4-week run-in period, a 16-week randomized controlled perios (RCP), and a 32-week open-label period (OLP).
One hundred two subjects were screened. Twenty-one subjects failed screening because of not meeting inclusion or exclusion criteria. One subject completed and passed screening but did not enter any subsequent periods. The ITT set includes all subjects who were randomized. The safety set includes all subjects who were randomized and received at least 1 dose of study drug. The numbers of subjects in the ITT set and the safety set are identical.
Eighty eligible subjects entered the run-in period and received at least 1 dose of study drug. During the 4-week run-in period all subjects received self-administered twice-weekly subcutaneous doses of pegcetacoplan 1080 mg in addition to the their current dosage of eculizumab treatment, which continued as prescribed regardless of study visit scheduling or the pegcetacoplan administration schedule.
At the end of the run-in period subjects were randomly assigned to either Group 1 (monotherapy pegcetacoplan; 41 subjects) or Group 2 (monotherapy eculizumab; 39 subjects). Subjects in Group 1 received pegcetacoplan, and subjects in Group 2 received eculizumab for the remainder of the 16 week RCP. During the RCP, subjects returned to the clinical site at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 for efficacy and safety assessments. Three subjects, all in Group 1, were withdrawn from study treatment during the RCP because of an AE; 1 of these subjects also withdrew from the study, while the remaining 2 entered the follow-up period of the study. At Week 16 of the RCP, 38 subjects in Group 1 and 39 subjects in Group 2 remained on study drug.
After completion of the RCP, the 77 subjects remaining on study drug continued on to a 32-week OLP in which all subjects received twice-weekly doses of pegcetacoplan 1080 mg. Subjects in Group 2 of the RCP entered a second run-in period and received open-label pegcetacoplan in addition to eculizumab for 4 weeks before crossing over to pegcetacoplan monotherapy for 28 weeks, through Week 48. During the OLP, subjects returned to the clinical site at Weeks 17, 18, 20, 22, and 24 and then every 4 weeks until Week 48 for efficacy and safety assessments. Sixty seven subjects completed treatment, including 35 subjects from Group 1 of the RCP and 32 subjects from Group 2 of the RCP.
Sixty-four subjects (83.1%; 32 subjects from each treatment group) entered the extension study. Two subjects in the pegcetacoplan continuation group continued treatment with pegcetacoplan through a single patient compassionate use program, and 1 subject in the continue pegcetacoplan group chose not to enter the extension study.
Overall, pegcetacoplan was generally well tolerated with a favorable safety profile. While subjects were on pegcetacoplan monotherapy, 24 subjects (30.0%) experienced at least 1 serious adverse event (SAE) with 5 (6.3%) being deemed related to pegcetacoplan treatment and each with a unique treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE). There were no cases of meningitis during the study. Twelve subjects (15.0%) discontinued the study prior to Week 48 because of a TEAE with the most common cause being haemolysis (5 subjects, 6.3%). The remaining subjects each had a unique adverse event term that led to study discontinuation, including 1 death due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
During the RCP, there was a similar percentage of subjects with at least 1 TEAE in the pegcetacoplan and eculizumab groups. There were more TEAEs in the pegcetacoplan group than the eculizumab group, which is attributable to the greater frequency of injection site reactions (ISRs) in the pegcetacoplan group. Most subjects had TEAEs with a maximum severity of mild or moderate.
During the OLP, the most common TEAEs were ISRs, haemolysis, nasopharyngitis, and diarrhoea, which is consistent with findings for the pegcetacoplan group during the RCP.
Across the whole study, for the overall pegcetacoplan monotherapy group 3 subjects experienced a TEAE of sepsis, which all occurred during the OLP. No encapsulated bacterial infection was reported.
全観察データ(濃厚赤血球(PRBC)輸血によるデータの打ち切りなし)を解析した場合、全ての主要及び重要な副次解析の結果は、輸血後データを欠測としたMixed-effect model for repeated measures(MMRM)解析と一致した。治療効果は、複数の感度解析及びSupportive analysisを通じて一貫して再現され、サブグループ、輸血層、又は血小板層に関係なく維持され、結果の頑健性が裏付けられた。これらの結果の一貫性より、主要評価項目及び重要な副次的評価項目の解析結果の信頼性及び妥当性が示された。
Overall, the efficacy data demonstrated that pegcetacoplan controlled the hematologic manifestations of PNH, with superiority for control of anemia, better than eculizumab did.
Primary endpoint:
Change from baseline (CFB) to Week 16, excluding data before the randomized controlled period (RCP), in hemoglobin (Hb) level. Baseline was the average of measurements recorded before taking the first dose of pegcetacoplan, which included local and central laboratory values during the screening period. Analysis excluded data before the RCP and was censored for transfusions.
- Pegcetacoplan was superior to eculizumab with regard to CFB in Hb level. The adjusted (least-square [LS]) mean CFBs were 2.37 g/dL for pegcetacoplan and -1.47 g/dL for eculizumab, with an LS mean difference of 3.84 g/dL (95% CI, 2.33-5.34) (P<.0001).
Key secondary endpoints:
Transfusion avoidance (Yes/No), defined as the proportion of subjects who did not require a transfusion during the RCP. Subjects who experienced more than 1 transfusion during the RCP are only counted once. Subjects who did not have a transfusion but withdrew before Week 16 were considered as having a transfusion in the analysis of transfusion avoidance.
- Pegcetacoplan was noninferior to eculizumab in transfusion avoidance. Transfusion avoidance was achieved by 35 of 41 subjects (85.4%) in the pegcetacoplan group and 6 of 39 subjects (15.4%) in the eculizumab group (nominal P value <.0001).
CFB to Week 16, excluding data before the RCP, in absolute reticulocyte count (ARC). Baseline was the average of available measurements recorded from central laboratory before taking the first dose of pegcetacoplan. Analysis excluded data before the RCP and was censored for transfusions.
- Pegcetacoplan was noninferior to eculizumab in improvement in the adjusted mean CFB of the ARC. The adjusted mean CFB to Week 16 in ARC was -135.82 x 109/L for pegcetacoplan and 27.79 x 109/L for eculizumab; the LS mean difference between treatment groups was -163.61 x 109/L (95% CI, -189.91 to -137.30; nominal P value <.0001).
CFB to Week 16, excluding data before the RCP, in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level. Baseline was the average of available measurements recorded from central laboratory before taking the first dose of pegcetacoplan. Analysis excluded data before the RCP and was censored for transfusions.
- Pegcetacoplan did not meet noninferiority to eculizumab in CFB to Week 16 in LDH level to Week 16. The adjusted mean CFB was -14.76 U/L for pegcetacoplan and -10.12 U/L for eculizumab; the LS mean difference between treatment groups was -4.63 (95% CI, -181.30 to 172.04; nominal P value .9557).
CFB to Week 16, excluding data before the RCP, in FACIT-Fatigue Scale score (Version 4). The FACIT-fatigue scale version 4 is a 13-item Likert scaled instrument where the subject was presented with 13 statements and asked to indicate their response as it applied to the past 7 days. The 5 possible responses were 'Not at all' (0), 'A little bit (1), 'Somewhat' (2), 'Quite a bit' (3) and 'Very much' (4). With 13 statements the total score had a range of 0 to 52. A higher score corresponds to a higher quality of life (QoL). Baseline was the last available, nonmissing observation before taking the first dose of pegcetacoplan. Data collected after transfusion is excluded from analysis.
- Although noninferiority was not assessed because of the prespecified hierarchical testing, substantial differences were seen in the CFB to Week 16 in FACIT-Fatigue score between treatment groups. The adjusted mean CFB to Week 16 of the FACIT-Fatigue score was 9.22 for pegcetacoplan and -2.65 for eculizumab; the LS mean difference between treatment groups was 11.87 points (95% CI, 5.49-18.25; nominal P value .0005). The lower bound of the 95% CI of the adjusted treatment difference was greater than the prespecified noninferiority margin of -3. In addition, more subjects in the pegcetacoplan group achieved at least a 3-point increase in FACIT-Fatigue scores (73% vs 0%).
When all observed data were considered (no censoring of data due to PRBC transfusion), the results of all primary and key secondary analyses were consistent with the mixed-effect model for repeated measures (MMRM) analyses in which posttransfusion data were set to missing. Treatment effects were reproduced consistently across multiple sensitivity and supportive analyses, and were retained regardless of subgroups, transfusion strata, or platelet strata, supporting the robust nature of the results. The consistency of these results provides strength and validity to the findings of primary and key secondary endpoint analyses.
This was a prospective, randomized, multicenter, open-label, active-comparator controlled study. The primary objectives of this study were to establish the efficacy and safety of pegcetacoplan compared to eculizumab in patients with PNH who continued to have Hb levels <10.5 g/dL despite treatment with eculizumab. The results of the study successfully demonstrated that pegcetacoplan, at a dosage of 1080 mg subcutaneously twice weekly, was superior to eculizumab in improving Hb levels in these patients.
A Phase 3, Randomized, Multicenter, Open-label, Active-comparator Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Pegcetacoplan in Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) (PEGASUS)
A Phase 3, Randomized, Multicenter, Open-label, Active-comparator Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Pegcetacoplan in Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) (PEGASUS)
(2)治験責任医師等に関する事項
Machaidze Zurab
Machaidze Zurab
/
Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
02451
/
その他
100 5th Ave, Waltham, MA 02451 USA
1-617-834-5239
Zurab.Machaidze@apellis.com
森部 真秀
Moribe Maho
ラボコープ・ディベロップメント・ジャパン株式会社
Labcorp Development Japan K.K.
104-6108
東京都中央区晴海1丁目8番11号 晴海トリトンスクエア オフィスタワーY8階
Harumi Triton Square Office Tower Y 8F 1-8-11, Harumi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo
1. At least 18 years of age
2. Primary diagnosis of PNH confirmed by high-sensitivity flow cytometry
3. On treatment with eculizumab. Dose of eculizumab must have been stable for at least 3 months prior to the screening visit
4. Hb <10.5 g/dL at the screening visit
5. Absolute reticulocyte count >1.0 x ULN at the screening visit
6. Platelet count of >50,000/mm3 at the screening visit
7. Absolute neutrophil count >500/mm3 at the screening visit
8. Vaccination against Neisseria meningitidis types A, C, W, Y and B, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae Type B (Hib) either within 2 years prior to Day 1 dosing, or within 14 days after starting treatment with pegcetacoplan. Unless documented evidence exists that subjects are non-responders to vaccination as evidenced by titers or display titer levels within acceptable local limits
9. Women of child-bearing potential (WOCBP) must have a negative pregnancy test at the screening and Day -28 visit (run-in period) and must agree to use protocol defined methods of contraception for the duration of the study and 90 days after their last dose of study drug
10. Males must agree to use protocol defined methods of contraception and agree to refrain from donating sperm for the duration of the study and 90 days after their last dose of study drug
11. Willing and able to give informed consent
12. Willing and able to self-administer pegcetacoplan (administration by caregiver will be allowed)
13. Have a body mass index (BMI) <35.0 kg/m2
1. Active bacterial infection that has not resolved within 1 week of Day -28 (first dose of pegcetacoplan)
2. Receiving iron, folic acid, vitamin B12 and EPO, unless the dose is stable, in the 4 weeks prior to screening
3. Hereditary complement deficiency
4. History of bone marrow transplantation
5. History or presence of hypersensitivity or idiosyncratic reaction to compounds related to the investigational product or SC administration
6. Participation in any other investigational drug trial or exposure to other investigational agent within 30 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer)
7. Currently breast-feeding women
8. Inability to cooperate or any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, could increase the subjects risk of participating in the study or confound the outcome of the study
This study includes cardiac safety evaluations. The following cardiac eligibility criteria are necessary to avoid confounding the cardiac safety outcomes:
9. History or family history of Long QT Syndrome or torsade de pointes, unexplained syncope, syncope from an uncorrected cardiac etiology, or family history of sudden death
10. Myocardial infarction, CABG, coronary or cerebral artery stenting and /or angioplasty, stroke, cardiac surgery, or hospitalization for congestive heart failure within 3 months or greater than Class 2 Angina Pectoris or NYHA Heart Failure Class >2
11. QTcF >470 ms, PR >280 ms
12. Mobitz II 2nd degree AV Block, 2:1 AV Block, High Grade AV Block, or Complete Heart Block unless the patient has an implanted pacemaker or implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) with backup pacing capabilities
13. Receiving Class 1 or Class 3 antiarrhythmic agents, or arsenic, methadone, ondansetron or pentamidine at screening
14. Receiving any other QTc-prolonging drugs (see Appendix 4), at a stable dose for less than 3 weeks prior to dosing
15. Receiving prophylactic ciprofloxacin, erythromycin or azithromycin for less than one week prior to the first dose of study medication (must have a repeat screening ECG after one week of prophylactic antibiotics with QTcF <470 ms)